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The aim of this study is to analyse the factors that contribute to the disclosure of relational liabilities (RLs) of the US companies.

The study uses content analysis to examine the disclosure of RLs in annual reports of the US companies listed on the Nasdaq-100 index from 2013 to 2015.

The study finds a positive correlation between the disclosure of RLs and gender diversity of the board of directors as well as the education level of the CEO. By contrast, the disclosure of RLs is negatively associated with the age of the CEO. Companies in knowledge-intensive industries also tend to disclose more information about their RLs than those in other industries.

This study focuses on the determinants of RLs, whereas previous research has mainly examined the positive impact of voluntary disclosure of intellectual capital on financial performance. The main objective of this study is to shed light on the factors that influence the disclosure of RLs.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between organizational control and innovation. The authors address two questions: “First, does the organizational control have a positive impact on innovation within a franchise network? Second, if such positive relationship exists, how we can explain it?”

The study used a survey data of 106 outlets belonging to franchise networks in France, using partial least squares and mobilizing an analysis of mediating effects.

Organizational control is positively related to innovation; this positive relationship can be partly explained by the mediating effect of knowledge creation.

Taking care to use appropriate techniques that guarantee a higher response rate (e.g. following up contacts after the initial request, phoning before sending the questionnaire), this study could be extended to other forms of organization, such as cooperatives or MNCs, to generalize the explanation of the positive impact of control on innovation through the mediating effect of knowledge creation.

The empirical results show that control encourages knowledge creation and innovation, which is a strong argument for franchisors to persuade franchisees of the necessity and utility of implementing organizational control. Moreover, the results constitute a practical tool to help managers making decision regarding innovation management. Innovation success can be improved by paying attention to the organizational control and deploying a combination of different control mechanisms including process, outcome and social.

To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to investigate both direct and indirect effects of organizational control on innovation. The authors contribute by explaining the complex relationship between control and innovation.