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Various problems in the field of children's rights require governments in all countries to take urgent action to establish preventive mechanisms. In this respect, governments are increasingly organising private specialised units on sensitive issues concerning children's rights, which hopefully may prevent further abuse of children. The existence of structures specialising in children's rights is extremely necessary in terms of empowering children to express their problems and wishes. In this study, the duties and functions of the Children's Ombudsman are discussed using examples from different countries.

Globalisation, which is founded on an axis of dissemination and change, has economic, social, cultural and political dimensions. Since the rise of capitalism in the 1800s, the concept of childhood has evolved along with the shifting conception of man in globalisation. This shift can be investigated by looking at three pillars: (1) shifting play patterns, (2) child Labour and (3) violence towards children are all issues that need to be addressed. Play has been one of the most important phenomena that people have created for themselves throughout history. Toys that have grown more common and standardised as a result of globalisation are now available to children from various cultures all over the world and are designed to meet specific criteria. It is common knowledge that children have worked to aid their families' economies since they were young, and that child Labour is crucial for the family, village and clan. However, as a result of the commodification of Labour during the industrialisation process and major monopolies' quest for cheap Labour during the globalisation process, children were forced to work in exceedingly terrible conditions for extremely low wages. In the globalisation process, child pornography, the employment of girls and boys as sex workers and child abuse have become more frequent. Aside from child sexual assault, the rise in child murders, the fact that children are the most susceptible and easy targets for organised crime and the growing number of wars around the world illustrate the growing violence that children are exposed to as a result of globalisation. Computer games, which are often centred on war and involve heavy themes of violence, normalise and internalise violence in youngsters.

This chapter aims to evaluate the problem of child labour exploitation in the world. In this framework, the definition of the concept, the causes, the chronology of global regulations on the topic, the risks that child labourers face are given. The basic result of the chapter is the recognition of the importance of the relationship between child labour and economic conditions. Accordingly, when the wealth levels of countries increase, the number of child labourer decreases.

Despite the fact that the rights of the child began to be discussed in the nineteenth century, they came to the fore after the world wars in the twentieth century. Children, who were considered to belong to their fathers during the agricultural capitalism period before the Industrial Revolution, were also used for domestic labour. Children began to break away from their homes with the Industrial Revolution, after this long period of almost no rights. During this period, child labour, which is cheaper than adult labour and seen as the lever of capitalist accumulation, has become an important part of production. In the second half of the nineteenth century, through the 1920s, called the ‘child rescue age’, compulsory education came to the fore as a way of disciplining children. The perception that children are a group that needs to be protected as a separate category and not as a property reveals the necessity to regulate their working conditions and to ensure their rights. In this regard, the Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child realised the first real progress in 1924. Then, after the Second World War, which brought children's rights to almost a halt, the Declaration of Rights of the Child was signed in 1959. Both of the declarations rely heavily on protection and care services. The touchstone of the development of child rights is the Convention on the Rights of the Child, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 20 November 1989. The Convention became the human rights convention that was approved by the largest number of countries ever. It is the only human rights convention that uniquely combines civil, political, social, cultural, and human rights. Despite all these developments, children continue not to be regarded as subjects and to be exploited in the production of surplus value as the reserve army of labour.

Children are people's gateway to the future; they are 30.3% of the world's population. Childhood is a stage that has a great impact on adulthood and children being healthy individuals. For this reason, child poverty and childhood conditions are very important for individual and community life. Cities are places where people live, and more than 50% of the world's population lives there. In the cities, whose numbers and sizes have increased over time, the crimes committed have also increased and diversified. For this reason, it has become increasingly difficult to provide urban security today. The aim of this study is to show the relationship between child poverty and urban safety, by carrying out an overview of the global perspective and examining the case of Turkey.

The relationship between nature and humans has changed as the human mind dominates nature. Humans have started to break away from nature, the whole of which they are a part. However, since environmental problems are among the most important agenda items that need to be resolved, the search for alternatives to the current ecological, social and economic understanding has accelerated. Today, environmental organisations that tend to protect nature are increasing, and the approach to nature–human harmony is gaining importance. Starting from the acceptance that the problem should be defined well in order to solve the problem in this study, a general impression of environmental movements within the scope of the relevant literature is presented. In order to ensure the sustainability of the environment, it is necessary to reorganise children's education support policies, to reduce consumption habits that may cause environmental pollution, to encourage a simple and environmentally friendly life and to raise awareness of children on these issues. Based on these ideas, national and international environmental organisations have implemented many educational projects for children in order to produce common policies for the protection and improvement of the environment.

Technology usage habits and the development of creative arts experiences and productivity are effective. In 2007, Lui argued that digital art can integrate the concept of information technology, which is at the forefront of the development of the child, with art education based on the dynamics of digital culture and art. In the discovery of artistic acquisitions, it is seen that they used digital art for play in the early stages of children's lives. In the stages of development, they were seen to improve their reading, writing and arithmetic skills, respectively. In young children, it was seen as a result of research that used information gathering and artistic expression skills more effectively with multi-interactive games. We see that digital visual culture and visual intelligence, technologies such as computer games, virtual museums, movies and the internet, change children's aesthetic perspective. Digital culture art gives children and young people who are centered on learning with their own dynamics the opportunity to produce art with new technologies, expressing themselves and carrying out more activities that are independent. Children can also be brought together with artists, software developers, designers, engineers and experts in various professional groups. While the child is using the possibilities of the digital world unlimitedly, he and the experts have developed their creative thinking skills and processed new records in their visual memory with different aesthetic perspectives. Children will be examined in this study to see how they develop and benefit from an awareness of artwork, production, creativity and discovery using digital special technological equipment.

In this study, cultural diplomacy, which is a sub-branch of intercultural communication and public diplomacy in the perspective of public diplomacy, and the role played by children in the development of cultural diplomacy, in particular, were investigated. It has analysed the kind of contribution the practices that children are in the centre contribute to cultural diplomacy. As a result of this, it was determined that practices such as the ‘23 April National Sovereignty and Children's Day’, which are present in, for example, Turkey, contribute significantly to public diplomacy and intercultural communication. Moreover, in doing this, they have analysed the fact that being chosen as a child actor in public diplomacy has flexed the political approach among states and made the perception of propaganda less felt. As a result of the study, it has been determined that countries give children a central role in their cultural diplomacy practices. In addition, it has been understood that countries have established contact with many countries and societies in this way. In the case of Turkey, it has been determined that in the cultural diplomacy practices of Turkish organisations, mostly Muslim or Turkish origin countries invite their children to the events.