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In this chapter, Andrea Óhidy discusses some pivotal issues of the book. Firstly, she shows the common challenges for current and future EU-member states to increase the participation and success of Roma people in education and lifelong learning. Then she discusses policy strategies and measures for Roma Inclusion in the Western Balkan states Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro and Serbia. They try to improve the social situation of Roma people but also to promote minority languages and cultures. She found the main cause of the similarities concerning the strategies and concrete projects for possible solutions in the adaptation of the EU Roma inclusion policy in the Western Balkan states as part of their negotiations for EU membership. She considers the implementation of these policy measures and also the educational attainment and success of Roma in the Western Balkans unsatisfactory.

This introduction from Andrea Óhidy and Katalin R. Forray provides a brief overview of the social and educational situation of Roma in the Western Balkan region and the structure of this book. Like in the books Lifelong Learning and the Roma Minority in Central and Eastern Europe (2019) and Lifelong Learning and the Roma Minority in Western and Southern Europe (2020), Roma are here described as a ‘hidden minority’ (Cavioni, 2020, p. 68), because despite the great number and the century-long history of Roma people on the European continent, there is still only limited information and knowledge about them, both in public awareness and scientific research. Although most members of the Roma minority have been living for centuries in their European home countries, their situation is still different from the non-Roma populations: They often suffer from socio-economic disadvantages and hate-motivated harassment and discrimination (EU-FRA, 2020a). This is not only the case in the member-states of the European Union but also in the Western Balkan region. All across Europe, there are Roma groups, which are considered to be the most disadvantaged minority, regarding their health, employment and housing and also in education. To increase their situation, European Union member states have developed common strategies, which play a part in negotiations for an EU-membership status. The so-called Western Balkan states – Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia – might join the European Union in the coming years. The social inclusion of the Roma minority and the protection of their minority rights in these countries were formulated as a precondition for their application for EU membership. Therefore, several goals, policies and measures were implemented there to break the ‘vicious circle of poverty and discrimination’ (EU-FRA, 2020b). Participation in education and lifelong learning have become central elements of these political measures for Roma Inclusion. This book examines the education situation of Roma across the so-called Western Balkan region.

Key international and intergovernmental organizations assess the size of the Roma population in Serbia to be around 4–600.000, rendering Serbia among the five countries in Europe with the highest percentage of Roma population. Although Roma in Serbia have a long history of self-organization, cultural and media organizations, and are formally recognized as national minorities with a National Council of the Roma National Minority as a body with political decision-making influence, the Roma community in Serbia, as in most other European countries, is the most disadvantaged and underprivileged group in the country, often living in underdeveloped neighbourhoods with limited access to social services, especially education and health.

The educational attainment of the Roma population in Serbia, as in other countries in Europe, is far below the attainment of the general population. The education indicators are showing a developing trend, albeit slow. Roma integration policies evolved in Serbia from the early 2000s in the general policy framework of Equity of Education and Inclusive Education and a comprehensive education reform agenda, promoted and legally endorsed by the 2009 Law on the Foundations of the Education System. As the consequence of such an approach, the Roma integration policies intertwined and mutually reinforced with other reform policy areas. The most important post-2000 policies supporting the integration of Roma students into education are the introduction of pedagogical assistants in elementary schools and preschool institutions as a profession, paid from the budget, abolishing the system of school readiness assessment, introducing individual education plans and intensifying affirmative action and scholarships for enrolment in secondary and tertiary education.

The United Nations General Assembly Special Session on drugs has provided countries with internationally agreed recommendations to adapt their drug policies for more efficiency and better outcomes. This chapter focusses on the Russian Federation’s role in international drug policy, through an analysis of its national approaches and their design, as well as on its diplomatic efforts at the bilateral and multilateral levels to oppose drug policy reform. A systematic review of peer-reviewed, grey literature, policy documents, UN reports and news reports on the country’s response to drugs internally and externally was conducted between September and December 2017. Despite its efforts to oppose drug policy reform and the prioritisation of public health, the Russian Federation faces major epidemics of imprisonment and HIV. Internationally, while it has not been successful in addressing the ongoing reforms in Europe and the Americas, it has been effective in preserving its international priorities by opposing harm reduction and maintaining the prohibition paradigm at the multilateral level.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the redistribution of dopant and radiation defects to determine conditions which correspond to decreasing of elements in the considered inverter and at the same time to increase their density.

In this paper, the authors introduce an approach to increase integration rate of elements in a three-level inverter. The approach is based on decrease in the dimension of elements of the inverter (diodes and bipolar transistors) due to manufacturing of these elements by diffusion or ion implantation in a heterostructure with specific configuration and optimization of annealing of dopant and radiation defects.

The authors formulate recommendations to increase density of elements of the inverter with a decrease in their dimensions.

Optimization of manufacturing of integrated circuits and their elements.

The results of this paper are based on original analysis of transport of dopant with account transport and interaction of radiation defects.

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a model of redistribution of point radiation defects, interaction between themselves and redistribution of their simplest complexes in a multilayer structure. The model gives a possibility to qualitatively describe nonmonotonicity of distributions of concentrations of radiation defects on interfaces between layers of the structure, which recently was found experimentally. To take into account the nonmonotonicity, the authors complement the model for the analysis of distribution of concentration of radiation defects, which were recently used in the literature. To analyze the model, the authors used an approach of solution of boundary problems, which could be used without crosslinking of solutions on interfaces between layers of the considered multilayer structures.

The authors introduce a model of redistribution of point radiation defects, interaction between themselves and redistribution of their simplest complexes in a multilayer structure. The model gives a possibility to qualitatively describe nonmonotonicity of distributions of concentrations of radiation defects on interfaces between layers of the structure, which recently was found experimentally. To take into account the nonmonotonicity, the authors complement the model for analysis of distribution of concentration of radiation defects, which were recently used in the literature. To analyze the model, the authors used an approach of solution of boundary problems, which could be used without crosslinking of solutions on interfaces between layers of the considered multilayer structures.

The authors obtain better agreement of obtain results in comparison with recently obtained results in the literature.

The results are original.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the manufacturing of diffusion-junction heterorectifier with account relaxation of mismatch-induced stress. On the basis of the analysis, the authors formulate recommendations to increase sharpness of the p-n-heterojunction, homogeneity of concentration of dopant in the junction and charge carrier mobility.

The authors formulate recommendations to increase sharpness of p-n-heterojunction, homogeneity of concentration of dopant in the junction and charge carrier mobility. To formulate the recommendations, the authors analyzed the manufacturing of the junction. The authors introduce an analytical approach to analyze the manufacturing.

The authors find a possibility to increase sharpness of p-n-heterojunction, homogeneity of concentration of dopant in the junction and charge carrier mobility.

The results are original.