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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the likelihood of firm exit, focusing on firm- and sector-specific factors and other potential constraints that may lead to exit.

The authors address the main research question by using hazard-cox and probit models on plant level data for the period 1998–1999 to 2012–2013, drawn from the Annual Survey of Industries collected by the Central Statistical Organisation.

The authors find that probability of exit reduces with improved firm performance. Urban firms, proprietary firms and smaller firms are more likely to exit as compared with their respective counterparts. The findings are robust to alternate measures of performance, alternate specifications and different methods.

Studies of entry and exit rates at a point in time are useful in examining the turnover of establishments. But to understand the establishment survival, the authors must also examine the probability of firm exit and the possible determinants that aid exit. There are institutional factors that prevent easy exit of firms from an industry. It would be worthwhile to see how the exit rate will be impacted if these barriers ceased to exist. In this study, the authors construct a model of exit, which would help us to predict firm exit.

A review of research, interviews and experiments at an IKEA building are presented with results that could affect the planning and real time management. Subjects had to choose between a normal exit and an emergency exit in different conditions. The results show that the majority of subjects choose the normal exit even if the distance is double compared to the emergency exit. The only exception is when the emergency exit is open and it is possible to see the daylight outside. Findings show that a ring signal is often misunderstood but a spoken message is understandable.

A final rule has been issued by the FAA which prohibits aircraft manufacturers and air carriers from increasing the distance between emergency exits to more than 60 feet. Existing regulations do not limit the distance and this rule is intended to ensure an opportunity for safe passenger evacuation during an emergency. The location of emergency eixts has been regulated by the FAA since 1967 by requiring the provision of an exit for every specified number of passengers and the exit being located where it would allow the most effective means of evacuation. The regulation also requires the exits to be distributed as uniformly as practicable and this has led to the underlying assumption that this results in a reasonable seat‐to‐exit and exit‐to‐exit distance. Some recent exit configurations do however, have distances that are greater than those originally envisaged. For example, the exit‐to‐exit distance that was originally 50 feet in an earlier version of the L—1011 increased to nearly 70 feet in a later model. Also, the exit‐to‐exit distance of 44 feet in the Boeing 747–100, –200 and –300 increases to nearly 70 feet in the 747–200 and 747–300 models with the No 3 exits deactivated. A recent certification request (which was refused by the FAA) proposed a derivative configuration of an aircraft with a distance substantially greater than 80 feet. These examples indicate the exit distribution requirement alone is ineffective in preventing increases in escape path distances.

Flow in the cavity with heat generating body finds wide domestic and industrial applications. The heat transfer characteristics and the irreversibility generated in the cavity depend on mainly the cavity size, aspect ratio of the heat generating body, and inlet/exit port locations. In the present study, effect of exit port locations on the heat transfer characteristics and irreversibility generation in a square cavity with heat generating body is investigated. A numerical simulation is carried out to predict the velocity and temperature fields in the cavity. To examine the effect of solid body aspect ratio on the heat transfer characteristics two extreme aspect ratios (0.25 and 4.0) are considered in the analysis. Fifteen different locations of exit port are introduced while air is used as an environment in the cavity. It is found that non‐uniform cooling of the solid body occurs for exit port location numbers of 13 and beyond. In this case, heat transfer reduces while irreversibility increases in the cavity. These findings are valid for both aspect ratios of the solid body.

Although a significant body of work has amassed that explores the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of employee turnover in organizations, little is known about how employees go about quitting once they have made the decision to leave. That is, after the decision to voluntarily quit their job is made, employees must then navigate through the process of planning for their exit, announcing their resignation, and potentially working at their company for weeks after their plans to resign have been made public. Our lack of understanding of the resignation process is important as how employees quit their jobs has the potential to impact the performance and turnover intentions of other organizational members, as well as to harm or benefit the reputation of the organization, overall. Moreover, voluntary turnover is likely to increase in the coming decades. In this chapter, we unpack the resignation process. Specifically, drawing from the communication literature and prior work on employee socialization, we develop a three-stage model of the resignation process that captures the activities and decisions employees face as they quit their jobs, and how individual differences may influence how they behave in each of these three stages. In doing so, we develop a foundation upon which researchers can begin to build a better understanding of what employees go through after they have decided to quit but before they have exited their organization for the final time.

Venture capital’s role in clean energy (CE) technologies can be transformative in creating a sustainable society. Yet there are limitations on how far venture capitalists (VCs) can go in supporting these technologies. These limits exist because of the performance expectations of the main stakeholder group who hold VCs accountable. The financial backers of VCs expect an exceptional return on their investment, given the high level of risk they take on when they invest in unproven startups. This chapter explores the constraints that the financial obligations VCs have to their main backers put on their role in bringing about a more sustainable global society. It investigates VC firms’ responses to CE exits (initial public offerings (IPOs) and acquisitions) and shows how prior CE exits affect CE investment growth when we compare VCs exit records to that of their peers. This chapter demonstrates that VCs only increase CE investments when the cumulative number of exits substantially exceed that of their peers, while they decrease these investments when the cumulative number of their exits only moderately outpace that of their peers. The chapter suggests that the reason VCs respond in this way is the financial pressure VCs experience because of their dependence on their financial backers.

The article reviews the contribution of Hirschman’s Exit, Voice and Loyalty (EVL) to research in political science. The argument is the framework of exit and voice offers greater understanding of a range trade-offs that exist in politics, in particular over collective action and citizen responses to dissatisfaction, which have implications for institutional design as well as for the functioning of democratic processes. The paper summarizes the EVL model and discusses how it may be elaborated. The main part of the article reviews applications to research literatures on political participation, responses to oppressive regimes, political party and interest group membership, and reports a number of formal treatments. The applications have been useful and illuminated a number of research problems, but overall they are modest in their impact in political science. The article suggests that the potential range of impacts could be much greater as EVL can show how individual choices are made in politics and are constrained by its institutions.

The administration of social assistance benefits is devolved to local agencies in Belgium, which raises questions about how much variation in spell lengths of benefit receipt is associated with differences across agencies. We address this issue by analysing the monthly hazard of benefit exit using administrative record data for 14,270 individuals in 574 welfare agencies. Our random-effects model allows for differences in both the observed and unobserved characteristics of beneficiaries and of local agencies. There are large differences in median benefit duration for individuals serviced by different welfare agencies: the range is from two months to more than 24 months. We find strong associations between beneficiary characteristics (sex, age, foreign nationality, citizenship acquisition, work history and being a student) and spell length. The estimates show higher odds of exiting social assistance receipt in bigger municipalities and in agencies which provide more generous supplementary assistance, and also strong evidence of shorter episodes in agencies where active labour market programme participation rates are higher.

Resource redeployment may occur when a firm exits from one line of business and enters another. We suggest that when multiproduct firms identify opportunities in new high-growth markets, their entry will occur alongside exit from low-growth markets when the firm is resource-constrained. For our sample of over 47,000 high-tech US firms in CorpTech from 1993 to 2004, 5% of the firm-years include simultaneous entry and exit at the product market level, which we term “product turnover.” Firms are more likely to engage in product turnover when there is a larger spread between the highest and lowest growth rates for the product markets in the firm’s portfolio. This effect is strongest for small- and medium-sized firms, which tend to be privately held. Therefore, future research on resource redeployment might find fruitful ground in samples of mid-size firms.

Latin America experienced a long period of sustained growth since 2003 that positively impacted social and labor market indicators, including poverty. This paper contributes to the understanding of this process as it carries out a comparative study of poverty and indigence dynamics in five Latin American countries during 2003–2012. Specifically, it extends the analysis of a previously published study by broadening the time coverage and examining indigence mobility. It analyzes the extent to which countries with different levels of poverty (extreme poverty) incidence diverge in terms of exit and entry rates, and identifies the relative importance of the frequency and impact of events associated with poverty transitions. For this, a dynamic analysis of panel data is carried out using regular household surveys. Sizeable rates of poverty and indigence movements were observed in all five countries and it was found that a large proportion of poor or indigent households experienced positive events, mainly related to the labor market; however, only a small fraction of them actually exited poverty and indigence. It appeared, therefore, that even when the economy behaved reasonably well, high levels of labor turnover and income mobility (even of a negative nature) still prevail, mainly associated with the high level of precariousness and the undeveloped system of social protection that characterize the studied countries.