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This study examines the relationship between board capital, including human and social capital, and corporate innovation. We propose two hypotheses: that a board with a higher level of human and social capital, respectively, is expected to have a higher level of innovation. To test these hypotheses, we use data from different sources, including SEC EDGARD-10k, Noah Stoffman, and S&P 500 Capital IQ for US public firms from all industries from 2000 to 2018. Four different innovation measurements are used to proxy for innovation: R&D, patents, citations, and number of new products. We use directors' level of education and industry experience to proxy for board human capital. The directors' social networks and interlocking ties are used to proxy for board social capital. We use fixed effect regressions to test the hypotheses and two-stage least square (2SLS) regressions to address endogeneity issues. We find that boards with higher levels of human capital are highly associated with corporate innovation in terms of citations. The findings imply that firms should hire directors with higher education and industry experience if they wish to increase their innovation.

Deregulation shifts the responsibility for mitigation of agency problems from the regulatory parties to the firms' shareholders. We investigate whether and how governance structure changes in response to the dynamics of the new business environment after the Regulatory Reform Act of 1994 for the US trucking industry. We show that deregulation increases market competition in the trucking industry. The deregulated trucking firms not only adjust internal governance structure but also alter antitakeover provisions to adapt themselves to the competitive status of business environment after deregulation.

In this study, super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) was heat-treated. The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of the cooling rate after heat treatment on the pitting corrosion of SDSS.

The heat treatment from 1,000°C to 1,300°C was applied to SDSS to check the effect of the cooling rate.

The heat treatment temperature produced a different SDSS microstructure, and the cooling rate led to the growth of austenite. The casted SDSS indicated the presence of heterogeneous austenite, and the precipitation secondary phase under 1.6 per cent precipitated to bare metal. By applying heat treatment and cooling SDSS, its corrosion resistance changes because of the change in the chemical composition. The cooling rate at 5,600 J/s has the highest critical pitting temperature (CPT) at 1,100°C, and the cooling rate at 1.6 J/s has the highest CPT at 1,200°C. Low cooling rate (0.4 J/s) made the secondary phase at all temperature range.

The effect of secondary phase not consider because that is well known to decreasing corrosion resistance.

Solution annealing is taken into account to optimize the corrosion resistance. But that is not consider the cooling rate at each temperature. This study assessed the effect of the cooling rate at each temperature point.

Manufacturers need to know the effect of the cooling rate to optimize the corrosion resistance, and this study can be applied in the industrial scene.

SDSS is hard the optimization because SDSS is a dual-phase stainless steel. Corrosion resistance can be optimized by controlling heat treatment temperature and the cooling rate. Anyone not studied the effect of the cooling rate at each temperature. The effect of the cooling rate should be considered to optimize the corrosion resistance.

Indium tin oxide (ITO) is a material belonging to the group of transparent conductive oxides, which are widely used in many fields of technology including optoelectronics and photovoltaics. However, the properties of ITO thin films depend on many factors. Therefore, the aim of the study was thorough investigation of the properties of sputtered ITO thin films of various thicknesses.

ITO coatings were deposited by magnetron sputtering in pure argon atmosphere using ceramic ITO target. Various deposition times resulted in obtaining thin films with different thickness, which had significant influence on the optoelectronic properties of deposited coatings. In this work the results of investigation of structural, surface, optical and electrical properties were presented.

Increase of the coating thickness caused change of the microstructure from amorphous to nanocrystalline and occurrence of grains with a size of 40 to 60 nm on their surface. Moreover, the fundamental absorption edge was red-shifted, whereas the average transmission in the visible wavelength range remained similar. Increase of the thickness caused considerable decrease of the sheet resistance and resistivity. It was found that even thin films with a thickness of 10 nm had antistatic properties.

The novelty and originality of presented work consists in, among other, determination of antistatic properties of ITO thin films with various sheet resistances that are in the range typical for dielectric and semiconducting material. To date, there are no reports on such investigations in the literature. Reported findings might be very helpful in the case of, for example, construction of transparent antireflective and antistatic multilayers.