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By focusing on Sustainable Development Goal 12 (SDG 12) and tourism automation, this perspective paper aims to investigate how tourism and automation will work to create a world in which tourism has more sustainable production and consumption patterns.

This perspective paper reviews the past developments of automation in tourism in the context of sustainable production and consumption patterns, the lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic and looks at the future of tourism and how automation will help it be more sustainable in terms of consumption and production patterns.

The insights from this analysis suggest that automation technologies will play a major role in both the supply and demand sides of the tourism and hospitality industry, encouraging increased tourism sustainability. While automation technologies will have the greatest impact on the supply side in the near future, as such technologies will be used to minimise waste and energy usage, creating large gains for environmental protection, the technologies will also benefit responsible consumption. Big data and analytical technologies will work in ways to ensure that consumers are nudged into consumer practices that are increasingly sustainable.

This perspective paper synthesises the literature on the subjects, namely, automation and SDG 12 in tourism, and points to important new future research agenda. This is one of the first papers in tourism to blend automation and SDG 12 literature to shed light on the use of automation in sustainable consumption and production in tourism.

通过聚焦于可持续发展目标12和旅游自动化, 本前瞻性文章旨在探讨旅游业和自动化如何共同创造一个让旅游产业拥有更可持续的生产和消费模式的世界。

本文回顾了旅游自动化在可持续生产和消费模式背景下的发展, 从COVID-19大流行中学到的教训, 并展望旅游业的未来以及自动化如何帮助其在消费和生产模式方面变得更加可持续。

根据分析, 自动化技术将在旅游和酒店业的供求两侧发挥重要作用, 促进旅游业的可持续性发展。虽然自动化技术在近期内将对供应侧产生最大影响, 因为这些技术将被用来最小化废物和能源使用, 为环境保护创造巨大收益, 但这些技术也将惠及负责任消费。大数据和分析技术将以确保消费者被引导向越来越可持续的消费实践。

本前瞻性论文综合了关于旅游中的自动化和可持续发展目标12的文献, 并指出了重要的新的未来研究议程。这是旅游业中第一批结合自动化和可持终发展目标12文献以阐明旅游中可持续消费和生产的自动化使用的论文之一。

Al centrarse en el ODS12 y la automatización del turismo, este artículo de perspectiva pretende investigar cómo el turismo y la automatización trabajarán para crear un mundo en el que el turismo tenga unos patrones de producción y consumo más sostenibles.

Este artículo de perspectiva revisa los desarrollos pasados de la automatización en el turismo en el contexto de los patrones de producción y consumo sostenibles, las lecciones aprendidas de la pandemia COVID-19, y examina el futuro del turismo y cómo la automatización le ayudará a ser más sostenible en términos de patrones de consumo y producción.

Las conclusiones de este análisis sugieren que las tecnologías de automatización desempeñarán un papel importante tanto en la oferta como en la demanda de la industria del turismo y la hotelería, fomentando una mayor sostenibilidad del turismo. Mientras que las tecnologías de automatización tendrán el mayor impacto en el lado de la oferta en un futuro próximo, ya que dichas tecnologías se utilizarán para minimizar los residuos y el uso de energía, creando grandes ganancias para la protección del medio ambiente, las tecnologías también beneficiarán al consumo responsable. Los macrodatos y las tecnologías analíticas funcionarán de manera que se incite a los consumidores a adoptar prácticas de consumo cada vez más sostenibles.

Este documento de perspectiva sintetiza la bibliografía sobre los temas, a saber, la automatización y el ODS12 en el turismo, y apunta a una nueva e importante agenda de investigación futura. Se trata de uno de los primeros trabajos sobre turismo que combina la literatura sobre automatización y ODS12 para arrojar luz sobre el uso de la automatización en el consumo y la producción sostenibles en el turismo.

This study aims to develop a framework to identify and prioritize the key factors in automation and artificial intelligence (AI) implementation in the hospitality and tourism industry.

This paper used the analytic hierarchy process, a multi-criteria decision-making method, to prioritize the factors influencing automation and AI implementation. This paper developed a model with five criteria (human knowledge, services, robotics applications, internal environment and institutional environment) and 23 sub-criteria obtained from previous studies. This paper designed a questionnaire in the form of pairwise comparisons based on the proposed hierarchical structure. This paper used a nine-point ranking scale to show the relative significance of each variable in the hierarchy and tested the model among staff from 35 five-star hotels and top-rated tourism agencies in the United Arab Emirates.

Human knowledge, services and robotics applications were the most significant factors influencing automation and AI implementation. Practitioners and researchers in the hospitality and tourism industry could apply the proposed framework to develop sustainable strategies for implementing and managing automation and AI. The proposed framework may also be useful in future studies examining AI implementation in the hospitality and tourism industry.

This paper developed a framework for policymakers that identifies and could help to overcome some of the challenges in implementing automation and AI in the hospitality and tourism sector around the world. The results provide an agenda for future research in this area.

酒店业和旅游业中的自动化和人工智能

摘要

本研究旨在开发一个框架, 以确定和优先考虑酒店业和旅游业自动化和人工智能（AI）实施的关键因素。

我们使用层次分析法, 一种多准则决策方法, 对影响自动化和人工智能实施的因素进行优先排序。我们建立了一个包含五个标准（人类知识、服务、机器人技术应用、内部环境和制度环境）的模型, 并从先前的研究中获得了23个子标准。基于所提出的层次结构, 我们设计了一份以成对比较的形式进行的问卷调查。我们使用九点评分量表来说明每个标准或子标准在层级中的相对重要性, 并在阿联酋35家五星级酒店和顶级旅游机构的员工中测试了该模型。

人类知识、服务和机器人应用是影响自动化和人工智能实施的最重要因素。酒店业和旅游业的从业人员和研究人员可以应用拟议的框架来制定实施和管理自动化和人工智能的可持续战略。拟议的框架也可能有助于未来研究人工智能在酒店业和旅游业的实施。

我们为决策者开发了一个框架, 用来识别并帮助其克服全球酒店业和旅游业实施自动化和人工智能方面的一些挑战。研究结果为今后该领域的研究提供了一个议程。

Automatización e inteligencia artificial en hostelería y turismo

Resumen

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo desarrollar un marco para identificar y priorizar los factores clave en la implementación de la automatización y la inteligencia artificial (IA) en la industria hotelera y turística.

utilizamos el proceso de jerarquía analítica, un método de toma de decisiones de varios criterios, para priorizar los factores que influyen en la automatización y la implementación de la IA. Desarrollamos un modelo con cinco criterios (conocimiento humano, servicios, aplicaciones robóticas, entorno interno y entorno institucional) y 23 subcriterios obtenidos de estudios previos. Diseñamos un cuestionario en forma de comparaciones por pares basados en la estructura jerárquica propuesta. Usamos una escala de clasificación de nueve puntos para mostrar la importancia relativa de cada variable en la jerarquía y probamos el modelo entre el personal de 35 hoteles de cinco estrellas y las agencias de turismo mejor calificadas en los Emiratos Árabes Unidos.

el conocimiento humano, los servicios y las aplicaciones robóticas fueron los factores más importantes que influyeron en la automatización y la implementación de la inteligencia artificial. Los profesionales e investigadores de la industria hotelera y turística podrían aplicar el marco propuesto para desarrollar estrategias sostenibles para implementar y gestionar la automatización y la IA. El marco propuesto también puede ser útil en estudios futuros que examinen la implementación de la IA en la industria hotelera y turística.

desarrollamos un marco para los formuladores de políticas que identifica y podría ayudar a superar algunos de los desafíos en la implementación de la automatización y la inteligencia artificial en el sector de la hospitalidad y el turismo en todo el mundo. Los resultados proporcionan una agenda para futuras investigaciones en esta área.

This paper aims to outline the migration of outdated computerized documentation system/integrated set for information systems (CDS/ISIS) database in to fully functional Web-based Automatización de Bibliotecas y Centros de Documentación (ABCD) integrated library system (ILS), which is derived from the the United Nations educational, scientific and cultural organization (UNESCO) CDS/ISIS software technology.

The existing integrated set for information systems (ISIS) tags were needed to be remapped as per the tag of MARC-like or structured bibliographic format database by editing integrated set for information systems print formats. Moreover, a sequence of tasks was required to complete the whole process. The major procedures were accomplished as exporting ISIS data into .iso format, creating ABCD database and uploading .iso file into the new database. The next part was configuration and connection with the Web interface after editing PFT.

CDS/ISIS users who have data in the international organization for standardization format on old versions of CDS/ISIS software applications now have the opportunity to migrate their data into the new application. The detailed process had been outlined not an only successful method of migrating outdated valuable records, also creation of ABCD database.

This paper may help the users of CDS/ISIS or WinISIS to migrate for ABCD and not to expire or give up their valuable data. This is one of the best ways to migrate ISIS data to ABCD with proven functionality. A specific aim of Automatización de Bibliotecas y Centros de Documentación Integrated Library System is to offer a tool for librarians, rather than information communications technology technicians, which is achieved by taking library and information science principles.

The purpose of this study, a current systematic literature review, is to synthesize the extant literature on consumers’ adoption of artificial intelligence and robotics (AIR) in the context of the hospitality and tourism sector (HATS) to gain a comprehensive understanding of it. This study also outlines insights for academia, practitioners, AI marketers, developers, designers and policymakers.

This study used a content analysis approach to conduct a systematic literature review for the period of 10 years (2011–2020) of the various published studies themed around consumer’s adoption of AIR in HATS.

The synthesis draws upon various factors affecting the adoption of AIR, such as individual factors, service factors, technical and performance factors, social and cultural factors and infrastructural factors. Additionally, the authors identified four major barriers, namely, psychological, social, financial, technical and functional that hinder the consumer’s adoption of artificial intelligence and robots in the hospitality and tourism industry.

To the best of the author’s/authors’ knowledge, this study is a first attempt to synthesize the factors that drive consumers’ adoption of artificial intelligence and robots in the hospitality and tourism industry. The present work also advances the tourism and consumer behavior literature by offering an integrated antecedent-outcome framework.

Figure 2 The objective of the current systematic literature review is to synthesize the extant literature on consumer’s adoption of artificial intelligence and robotics (AIR) in the context of the hospitality and tourism sector (HATS) to gain a comprehensive understanding of it. For that purpose, authors conducted content analysis of extant literature on consumer’s adoption of AIR in HATS from 2011 to 2020. Authors presented an integrated antecedent outcome framework of the factors that drive consumer’s adoption of artificial intelligence and robots in the hospitality and tourism industry.

这篇系统性文献综述的目的是综合现有关于消费者在酒店和旅游部门（HATS）中采用人工智能和机器人（AIR）的文献, 以便全面了解它。这项研究还概述了学术界、从业者、人工智能营销人员、开发人员、设计师和决策者的见解。

本研究使用内容分析方法对 10 年（2011–2020 年）期间的各种已发表研究进行系统的文献回顾, 主题围绕消费者在 HATS 中采用 AIR。

本研究揭示了四大服务：自动化、定制、信息传播、旅游移动性和导航服务。 此外, 作者确定了阻碍消费者在酒店和旅游业采用人工智能和机器人的四大障碍, 即心理、社会、财务、技术和功能

本研究首次尝试综合推动消费者在酒店和旅游业中采用人工智能和机器人的因素。本文还通过提供一个综合的前因结果框架, 推进了旅游和消费者行为文献。

El objetivo de la actual revisión sistemática literaria es sintetizar la literatura existente sobre la adopción de la inteligencia artificial y la robótica (IAR) por parte de los consumidores en el contexto del sector hotelero y turístico (SHT) para ganar un entendimiento comprensivo del mismo. Este estudio también traza visiones para los académicos, profesionales, comercializadores de AI, desarrolladores, diseñadores, y los elaboradores de las políticas a seguir.

El presente estudio siguió un enfoque de análisis de contenido para realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura durante el período de 10 años (2011–2020) de los diversos estudios publicados y basados en la adopción de IAR en SHT, por parte de los consumidores.

Este estudio desvela cuatro grandes servicios: automatización, personalización, difusión de información, movilidad turística y servicios de navegación. Adicionalmente, los autores identificaron cuatro barreras principales, a saber; psicológicas, sociales, financieras, técnicas y funcionales, que impiden la adopción de la inteligenica artificial y la robótica por parte del consumidor, en la industria de la hospitalidad y el turismo.

Este estudio es un primer intento de sintetizar los factores que impulsan la adopción de la inteligencia artificial y la robótica por parte de los consumidores en la industria hotelera y turística. El presente trabajo también fomenta la literatura sobre el turismo y el comportamiento del consumidor, ofreciendo un marco integrado de resultados precedentes.

A survey of the Spanish scene concerning the automation of scientific information is presented. The article is structured as two main parts. The first one explains the introduction and use of foreign automated databases, while the second one is an account of what is going on in Spain to create databases and databanks. The type and characteristics of databases that are automated or in the stage of automation, the Institutions involved and the progress in the automation of Spanish libraries are described. It is stressed that for the development and coordination of the different initiatives and isolated efforts aiming at an effective national information system, support by the government is absolutely necessary.

This article aims to propose an adaptation algorithm that combines the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), a rule-based system, and a k-means clustering algorithm. Informatic tools are very useful to enhance the learning process in the classroom. The large variety of these tools require advanced decision-making techniques to select parameters, such as student profiles and preferences, to adjust content and information display, according to specific characteristics and necessities of students. They are part of the Kamachiy–Idukay (KI), a platform to offer adaptative educational services to students with learning difficulties or disabilities.

The design and implementation of the adaptation algorithm comprises the following phases: utilization of the AHP to determine the most important student parameters, parameter to take into account in the adaptation process, such as preferences, learning styles, performance in language, attention and memory aspects and disabilities; designing the first part of the adaptation algorithm, based on a rule-based system; designing the second part of the adaptation algorithm, based on k-means clustering; integration of the adaptation algorithm to KI; and validation of the approach in a primary school in Bogotá (Colombia).

The main approach is the application of computational techniques, namely, rule-based systems and k-means clustering, plus an AHP prioritization at design time to yield a system to support the teaching–learning process for students with disabilities or learning difficulties.

The algorithm found several groups of students with specific learning difficulties that required adapted activities. The algorithm also prioritized activities according to learning style and preferences. The results of the application of this system in a real classroom yielded positive results.

The algorithm performs adaptation for students with mild disabilities or learning difficulties (language, attention and memory). The algorithm does not address severe disabilities that could greatly affect cognitive abilities.

The main contribution of this paper is an adaptation algorithm with the following distinctive characteristics, namely, designed utilizing the AHP, which ensures a proper prioritization of the student characteristics in the adaptation process, and utilizes a rule-based system to identify different adaptation scenarios and k-means clustering to group students with similar adaptation requirements.

The rapid growth of artificial intelligence is disrupting various industries, including the tourism sector. This paper aims to outline the applications, benefits and risks of ChatGPT and large language models in general on tourism. It also aims to establish a research agenda for investigating the implications of these models in tourism.

Drawing on the available literature on ChatGPT, large language models and artificial intelligence, the paper identifies areas of application of ChatGPT for several tourism stakeholders. Potential benefits and risks are then considered.

ChatGPT and other similar models are likely to have a profound impact on several tourism processes. They will contribute to further streamline customer service in front-of-house operations and increase productivity and efficiency in back-of-house operations. Although negative consequences for human resources are expected, this technology mostly enhances tourism employees.

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is one of the first studies that explore the potential implications of ChatGPT in tourism and hospitality.

人工智能的快速发展正在颠覆包括旅游业在内的各个行业。 本文旨在概述ChatGPT和大型语言模型在旅游业中的应用、好处和风险。同时, 旨在建立一个研究议程, 以调查这些模型在旅游业中的影响。

本文借鉴了关于ChatGPT、大型语言模型和人工智能的现有文献, 确定了ChatGPT在几个旅游利益相关者中的应用范围, 然后考虑了潜在的好处和风险。

ChatGPT和其他类似的模型可能会对一些旅游过程产生深远的影响。它们将有助于进一步简化前台业务的客户服务, 并提高后台业务的生产力和效率。虽然对人力资源的负面影响是可以预见的, 但这项技术主要是增强旅游业的员工能力。

这是首批探索ChatGPT在旅游业和酒店业潜在影响的研究之一。

A partir de la bibliografía disponible sobre ChatGPT, grandes modelos lingüísticos e inteligencia artificial, este artículo identifica las posibles áreas de aplicación de ChatGPT y actores que se pueden beneficiar. De igual forma, se examinan los posibles beneficios y riesgos.

El rápido crecimiento de la inteligencia artificial está afectando diversas industrias, incluyendo la del turismo. Este artículo pretende esbozar las aplicaciones, ventajas y riesgos de ChatGPT, así como los grandes modelos lingüísticos, en turismo. También pretende establecer una agenda de investigación para estudiar las implicaciones de estos modelos en el turismo.

Es probable que ChatGPT y otros modelos similares tengan un profundo impacto en varios procesos turísticos, contribuyendo a racionalizar, aún más, el servicio al cliente en las operaciones de front-of-the-house y aumentando la productividad y eficiencia en el back-of-the-house. Aunque se prevén consecuencias negativas para los recursos humanos, esta tecnología servirá sobre todo para potenciarlos.

Éste es uno de los primeros estudios que exploran las implicaciones potenciales de ChatGPT en el turismo y la hostelería.

Spain's libraries have experienced considerable change in the past decade as a result of governmental restructuring and the general economic boom, after many years of neglect. Automation efforts, the first of which date from the late 1960s, have increased in the past five years, coinciding with the introduction of new software packages. The pace of automation and the software solution chosen vary according to the different types of libraries. Some networking and co‐operative ventures have begun recently, especially among university and research libraries. It remains to be seen if the present growth will continue after the major events of 1992 have concluded.